Water parameters affect anaesthesia induced by eugenol in silver catfish,Rhamdia quelen

The present study investigated the effects of water pH (5.0, 7.0 and 9.0), hardness (0, 20 and 120 mg CaCO₃ L^?1) and temperature (15, 23 and 30 °C) on the induction of sedation and anaesthesia, and subsequent recovery, of silver catfish exposed to eugenol. Moreover, the blood gas tensions (PvO₂ and PvCO₂) and blood pH in silver catfish acclimated to these temperatures were investigated after exposure to eugenol. Water pH, hardness, temperature and fish size affect the efficacy of eugenol in silver catfish, particularly at the lower concentrations tested (20 and 30 mg L^?1). Sedation of this species can be induced at concentrations as low as 20 mg L^?1, but for anaesthesia, a concentration of at least 40 mg L^?1 of eugenol must be used to compensate for the influence of fish size and water quality. Blood gas tension and pH were affected by eugenol anaesthesia, but only in fish acclimated to 30 °C.     

Effect of dietary graded levels of cottonseed meal and gossypol on growth performance,body composition and health aspects of allogynogenetic silver crucian carp,Carassius auratus gibelio♀ × Cyprinus carpio♂

A 6‐month trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary cottonseed meal (CSM) and free gossypol (FG) on allogynogenetic silver crucian carp, Carassius auratus gibelio♀ × Cyprinus carpio♂ with 4 replicates of each treatment. Isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were formulated with the 0 g kg^?1 (control), 200 g kg^?1, 400 g kg^?1, and 560 g kg^?1 CSM. Diets with FG were made by supplementing batches of control diet with 214 mg kg^?1, 428 mg kg^?1, and 642 mg kg^?1. Weight gain, specific growth rate, and protein efficiency ratio increased significantly up to an inclusion level of CSM of 400 g kg^?1 in the diet, with a significant decrease in food conversion ratio. Further increase in CSM to 560 g kg^?1 did not cause further changes in fish performance. Free gossypol did not affect fish performance significantly at any inclusion level. Neither CSM nor FG caused significant effects in any of the other evaluated parameters such as whole body composition, haemoglobin concentration, activities of serum lysozyme, superoxide dismutase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, and histology of hepatic tissues and midgut. Our results suggested that crucian carp can tolerate at least 642 mg kg^?1 FG and that it is safe to including 400 g kg^?1 CSM in crucian carp feed.     

持续冷热环境对肉鸡生产性能、糖代谢和解偶联蛋白mRNA表达的影响

本试验研究了不同环境温度(10~30℃)持续14 d对肉鸡生产性能、糖代谢和禽类解偶联蛋白(av UCP)mRNA表达的影响。试验选取21日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡288只,随机分到6个人工环境控制舱中,每个舱饲养6笼,每笼8只鸡作为1个重复。预试期7 d,温度22℃,相对湿度60%。28日龄时将各环境控制舱温度分别逐渐(1 h内)调到10、14、18、22、26和30℃,相对湿度60%,温湿度均保持恒定直至试验结束。正试期14 d。结果表明:1)试验期内,30℃组的体重(BW)显著低于14~26℃组(P<0.05);22~30℃组平均日采食量(ADFI)随温度升高而显著下降(P<0.05);10~30℃组平均日增重(ADG)随温度升高出现先升高后下降的趋势,在22℃时最高;料重比(F/G)随温度升高呈现先下降后升高的趋势,22℃时最低;平均日饮水量(ADWC)在10℃组最低。2)试验第14天,26℃组血糖水平显著低于18℃组(P<0.05);肝糖原水平在各组之间差异不显著(P>0.05);22℃组肌糖原水平显著低于10、26和30℃组(P<0.05)。3)试验第14天,18、22℃组av UCP mRNA相对表达量显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。结果提示:在本试验条件下,从生产性能和能量利用效率考虑,28~42日龄AA肉鸡的适宜养殖温度为22~26℃。     

Agreement of caudal aortic arterial blood pressure with oscillometry using two cuff widths placed on the thoracic or pelvic limbs of sevoflurane-anesthetized rabbits

ObjectiveTo evaluate agreement with central systemic arterial pressure of an oscillometer and two cuff widths placed on the thoracic or pelvic limbs.Study designProspective experimental study.AnimalsA group of nine New Zealand White rabbits weighing 3.5 ± 0.3 kg.MethodsRabbits were sedated with dexmedetomidine and midazolam, then anesthetized with ketamine and sevoflurane. The femoral artery was surgically exposed and a 20 gauge, 5 cm catheter inserted to measure systolic (SAP), mean (MAP) and diastolic (DAP) blood pressure at the iliac artery and caudal aorta junction. Adjustments of vaporizer dial and dobutamine infusion provided a range of invasive blood pressure (IBP). Two measurements of IBP were recorded during the oscillometer cycling phase, and the mean value was used in analyses. Oscillometer cuffs of bladder width 2.0 cm (S1) and 2.5 cm (S2) were placed proximal to the carpus and tarsus. Cuff width to circumference ratio was calculated. Oscillometer SAP, MAP and DAP were paired with corresponding IBP values. Agreement was assessed using linear mixed models (p < 0.05).ResultsCuff ratios for both limbs were 41% (S1 cuff) and 50% (S2 cuff) and 122–139 paired observations were obtained. There was significant limb × cuff interaction with SAP and MAP. The oscillometer overestimated SAP and MAP on the pelvic limb and underestimated SAP and MAP on the thoracic limb. For SAP, the oscillometer overestimated by constant bias (–19 ± 2 mmHg) and proportional bias (0.28 ± 0.02 mmHg per 1 mmHg increase). For MAP, the oscillometer underestimated by constant bias (4 ± 2 mmHg) and was worse with S2 on the thoracic limb. Overestimation was similar between cuffs on the pelvic limb. For DAP, the oscillometer underestimated by constant bias (15 ± 2 mmHg).Conclusions and clinical relevanceCuff S1 on the thoracic limb provided best estimation of MAP.     

槲皮素对PEDV感染幼龄仔猪的生长性能、血液生化指标和肠道吸收与屏障功能的影响

【目的】 试验旨在探讨槲皮素在防治仔猪感染猪流行性腹泻病毒（PEDV）中的作用。【方法】 选取18头体重相近、健康的7日龄仔猪（杜×长×大）,随机分为3组（对照组、PEDV组和PEDV+槲皮素组）,每组6个重复,每个重复1头猪,试验期共11 d。经过3 d适应期后,于试验第4~10天给PEDV+槲皮素组仔猪口腔灌服10 mg/kg BW的槲皮素,其他组仔猪口腔灌服等体积的人工乳,于试验第8天给PEDV组与PEDV+槲皮素组仔猪口腔灌服1×10^4.5TCID₅₀的PEDV,对照组灌服等体积的PBS溶液。试验第11天早上空腹称重,全部仔猪灌服D-木糖（0.1 g/kg BW）,1 h后经前腔静脉采血,检测血液生化指标、血浆二胺氧化酶（DAO）活性和D-木糖含量;将所有仔猪屠宰取空肠黏膜,检测肠道屏障相关基因,包括肠绒毛蛋白（villin）,紧密连接蛋白-1（claudin-1）,闭合蛋白（occludin）和肠型脂肪酸结合蛋白（iFABP）的相对表达量。【结果】 与对照组相比,PEDV组仔猪平均日增重显著下降（P<0.05）,粪便评分显著升高（P<0.05）;血液中高密度脂蛋白含量显著降低（P<0.05）,肌酐和尿素氮的含量显著提高（P<0.05）;血浆中D-木糖含量显著降低（P<0.05）;空肠claudin-1、iFABP基因的相对表达量显著下调（P<0.05）。与PEDV组相比,PEDV+槲皮素组仔猪平均日增重和血浆D-木糖含量显著升高（P<0.05）;血液中肌酐和尿素氮的含量显著降低（P<0.05）;空肠claudin-1、villin和iFABP基因的相对表达量显著上调（P<0.05）。【结论】 10 mg/kg BW槲皮素可在一定程度上缓解PEDV感染导致的仔猪生长抑制和肾功能损伤,增强肠道吸收与屏障功能。     

低聚果糖诱导的奶牛急性蹄叶炎肝和骨骼肌中AMPK和GLUT及相关基因的变化

旨在探究奶牛急性蹄叶炎能量代谢的变化,本研究选用12头健康中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为两组(n=6): 试验组(OF组)用17 g·kg^-1体重的低聚果糖溶解在2 L·100 kg^-1体重的清水中灌服,对照组(CON组)灌服等量清水,72 h之后对奶牛进行安乐死,采集肝、肌肉组织,进行Western blot试验和实时荧光定量PCR试验,检测肝、肌肉组织的能量变化和葡萄糖转运情况,指标：葡糖糖转运蛋白1和4(GLUT-1、GLUT-4),三磷酸腺苷激酶(AMPK)以及相关因子(PPAR-γ、PGC1-α、PEPCK)。结果表明：在肝组织中,OF组AMPK和蛋白的表达量显著增加,但P-AMPK/AMPK的比值极显著下降,而GLUT-1的蛋白和基因、PPAR-γ、PGC1-α和PEPCK基因的表达量无显著变化;在肌肉组织中,OF组AMPK基因和蛋白表达量无显著的变化,但P-AMPK/AMPK的比值显著下降,GLUT-4基因和蛋白表达量显著下降,同时PPAR-γ、PEPCK基因的表达量极显著升高,但PGC-1-α的基因表达量无显著的变化。综上：奶牛急性蹄叶炎可能会抑制肌肉组织的能量代谢和葡萄糖转运的能力,但对肝的影响不大。     

葡萄糖氧化酶纳米粒的制备及其体内外抗菌效果

为了使葡萄糖氧化酶更加稳定,利用可逆加成-断裂链转移自由基聚合反应对葡萄糖氧化酶进行纳米包裹。动态激光散射仪测定显示,包裹后粒径为(12.4±1.0)nm, Zeta电位为(+4.2±0.5)mV。通过冻融循环、长期储存和胰蛋白酶试验证明了包裹后的稳定性。在体外,对大肠杆菌的最低抗菌浓度为0.01 mg/mL。对新西兰大白兔细菌肿包治疗显示,包裹后的葡萄糖氧化酶较包裹前有较好的稳定性和抑菌效果,可作为新型抗菌制剂。     

兽用化学药品血药浓度法生物等效性试验技术指导原则简述

血药浓度法生物等效性试验是兽药生物等效性研究的重要方法。为科学规范兽用化学药品生物等效性研究,保障兽药安全、有效、质量可控,在已发布实施的《兽用化学药品生物等效性试验指导原则》基础上,农业农村部兽药评审中心参考相关最新技术指导原则,结合国内兽药研究现状,修订发布了《兽用化学药品血药浓度法生物等效性试验技术指导原则》。本文针对该指导原则的适用范围、试验设计的内容进行阐述,旨在加强研发单位或相关临床试验机构对此指导原则的理解,对生物等效性试验的有效开展提供指导与帮助。     

Effectiveness of selection for quality traits during the early stage in the potato breeding population

Potato cultivars resistant to cold‐temperature sweetening are of major importance to the processing industry producing both chips (crisps) and French fries. When most modern potato cultivars are maintained in cold storage to retard sprouting, the tubers accumulate reducing sugars, and the products become an unacceptable brown colour when fried. Selection for better processing quality during the early generations of a breeding programme could be of considerable advantage. Using a portable ‘sugarmeter’, which requires only a drop of sap from the tuber on a test strip, many samples can be efficiently surveyed for low sugar as early as the F₁ generation. Using seedlings of three test crosses, glucose and specific gravity of field‐grown tubers, minitubers from greenhouses and microtubers from in vitro culture were compared after cold treatment. Although the mean glucose levels of minitubers and microtubers were higher than field‐grown tubers, the correlation between the glucose contents of the three types of tubers was fairly high. A considerable genetic improvement was noted when progenies were grown as minitubers or microtubers, even though the response to selection for low glucose levels in minitubers and microtubers was lower than from direct selection from field‐grown tubers. The specific gravity of field‐grown tubers showed a significant association with freshly harvested minitubers and microtubers. Selection for low glucose content in minitubers can therefore save considerable resources in a breeding programme.     

Percutaneous, ultrasonographically guided technique of catheterization of the abdominal aorta in calves for serial blood sampling and continuous arterial blood pressure measurement

The study describes a technique of ultrasonographically guided transcutaneous catheter implantation into the abdominal aorta of 29 6- to 8-week-old German Holstein calves. Catheters were implanted between the left transverse processes of L3 and L4, left in place for 2 days and used for serial blood sampling and continuous measurement of blood pressure. Complete cell counts and clinical examination were performed before, as well as 1 and 5 days after implantation. Catheterization was successful in all calves. The catheter was patent for blood sampling and pressure recordings at all times. A significant decrease in red blood cells was found in all animals after catheterization, which remained reduced for 5 days. Clinical signs of anaemia were absent. In conclusion, ultrasonographically guided catheterization of the abdominal aorta provides a continuous arterial access in calves, whereby the minimal invasive technique and the ultrasonographical guidance reduces accidental tissue trauma and pain for the animal.